The Supreme Court’s recent remarks on the culture of freebies in Indian politics have reignited a long-standing debate about the ethical and economic implications of populist policies. The SC’s observation underscores the growing concern that freebies often doled out during election seasons may be fostering dependency rather than empowerment among citizens. While the intent behind such schemes may be noble, their long-term consequences demand a closer examination. From free rations and cash transfers to subsidised utilities and loan waivers, freebies have become a staple of Indian electoral politics. Political parties, in their bid to woo voters, often announce these schemes just before elections, promising immediate relief to the economically vulnerable.
On the surface, these initiatives appear to be a lifeline for millions struggling with poverty, unemployment, and inflation. However, the Supreme Court’s critique highlights a darker side to this trend: the potential erosion of the work ethic and the creation of a culture of dependency. Justice Gavai’s anecdote about the agricultural labour crisis in Maharashtra is particularly telling. He noted that the announcement of free rations and cash benefits before the state elections led to a shortage of labourers, as people preferred to rely on Government handouts rather than engage in productive work. Inadvertently, freebies are discouraging people from participating in the workforce, thereby hindering economic growth and development.
While freebies may provide short-term relief, their economic cost is substantial. Governments often finance these schemes by diverting funds from critical sectors such as infrastructure, education, and healthcare. This reallocation of resources can have long-term repercussions, stifling economic growth and perpetuating cycles of poverty. Moreover, the fiscal burden of freebies can lead to increased borrowing, higher deficits, and inflationary pressures, ultimately undermining the very welfare they aim to promote.
The Supreme Court’s 2013 observation that freebies vitiate the electoral process remains relevant today. The Election Commission’s failure to frame guidelines on freebies, as directed by the Supreme Court in 2013, is a glaring example of overlooking the emerging crisis. It is important that the Commission, in consultation with political parties, establish clear norms to regulate the announcement of freebies during elections. This will not only ensure a level playing field but also discourage the misuse of public resources for electoral gains. By promising immediate gains, political parties prioritise short-term electoral victories over sustainable development. Voters, lured by the promise of freebies, may overlook the need for long-term policies that address structural issues such as unemployment, skill development, and economic inequality.
The challenge lies in striking a balance between welfare and empowerment. While it is the Government’s responsibility to provide a safety net for the vulnerable, it is equally important to ensure that such measures do not foster dependency. Welfare schemes should be designed to empower individuals, enabling them to become self-reliant and contribute to the nation’s development. The urban poverty alleviation mission, mentioned by Attorney General R. Venkataramani during the hearing, is a step in the right direction. By addressing issues such as shelter, employment, and social security, the mission has the potential to uplift the urban poor without fostering dependency. However, its success will depend on effective implementation and a commitment to long-term solutions rather than short-term gains.
The Supreme Court’s intervention in this matter is a welcome development. The judiciary has highlighted the need for a broader debate on the role of welfare in a developing economy. However, the solution lies not in abolishing welfare schemes altogether, but in refining them. The Government must focus on designing policies that balance immediate relief with long-term development. Freebies should not become permanent crutches but rather stepping stones that help individuals move toward financial independence. As India aspires to become a global economic powerhouse, it must prioritise policies that empower its citizens and promote inclusive growth. The Government, judiciary, and civil society must work together to ensure that welfare schemes are designed to uplift rather than entrap.
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